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Meteora

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the municipality, see <a href="Meteora_(municipality)" title="Meteora (municipality)">Meteora (municipality)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="Meteora_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Meteora (disambiguation)">Meteora (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Meteora</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Native name

Μετέωρα (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Landscape of Meteora</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, Greece</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:39.71416666666667,21.63111111111111">39°42′51″N 21°37′52″E / 39.71417°N 21.63111°E / 39.71417; 21.63111 (Meteora)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">

<a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Meteora</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iv, v, vii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1988 (12th <a href="World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/455">455</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.89%;left:23.436%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Greece</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

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The Meteora (/ˌmɛtiˈɔːrə/;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μετέωρα, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>pronounced [meˈteora]) is a <a href="Rock_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formation">rock formation</a> in the regional unit of <a href="Trikala" title="Trikala">Trikala</a>, in <a href="Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, in northwestern <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, hosting one of the most prominent complexes of <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, viewed locally as second in importance only to <a href="Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meteora-2">[2]</a>

Twenty-four monasteries were established atop the giant natural pillars and hill-like rounded boulders that dominate the local area, mainly from the second half of the 14th century under the local rule of <a href="Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radiocarbon-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Savvides-4">[4]</a>: 414-415 Six of these are still active and open to visitors: the monasteries of <a href="Monastery_of_Great_Meteoron" title="Monastery of Great Meteoron">Great Meteoron</a> (est. 1356), <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Varlaam</a>, <a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">Saint Nicholas Anapausas</a>, <a href="Monastery_of_Rousanou" title="Monastery of Rousanou">Rousanou</a>, <a href="Monastery_of_the_Holy_Trinity%2C_Meteora" title="Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Meteora">Holy Trinity</a>, and <a href="Monastery_of_Saint_Stephen_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of Saint Stephen (Meteora)">Saint Stephen</a>. The latter became a community of <a href="Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> in 1961, whereas the former five remain managed by <a href="Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>.

Meteora is located in between the town of <a href="Kalabaka" title="Kalabaka">Kalabaka</a> and the village of <a href="Kastraki%2C_Trikala" title="Kastraki, Trikala">Kastraki</a> at the northwestern edge of the <a href="Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Plain of Thessaly</a> near the <a href="Pineios_(Thessaly)" title="Pineios (Thessaly)">Pineios</a> river and <a href="Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Meteora complex was added to the <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> in 1988 because of its outstanding architecture and beauty, combined with religious and cultural significance.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

The name means "lofty", "elevated", and is etymologically related to <a href="Meteor" title="Meteor">meteor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holland2012-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2></div>

Beside the <a href="Pindos_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindos Mountains">Pindos Mountains</a>, in the western region of <a href="Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, these unique and enormous columns of rock rise precipitously from the ground. But their unusual form is not easy to explain geologically. They are not <a href="Volcanic_plugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic plugs">volcanic plugs</a> of hard igneous rock typical elsewhere, but the rocks are composed of a mixture of <a href="Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rassios2020-8">[8]</a>: 5

The conglomerate was formed of deposits of stone, sand, and mud from streams flowing into a delta at the edge of a lake, over millions of years. About 60 million years ago during the <a href="Paleogene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogene period">Paleogene period</a><a href="#cite_note-Meteora_-_Greece-9">[9]</a> a series of earth movements pushed the <a href="Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> upward, creating a high <a href="Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> and causing many vertical <a href="Fault_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault lines">fault lines</a> in the thick layer of sandstone. The huge rock pillars were then formed by <a href="Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> by water, wind, and extremes of temperature on the vertical faults. It is unusual that this conglomerate formation and type of weathering are confined to a relatively localised area within the surrounding mountain formation. The complex is referred to an exhumed continental remnant of <a href="Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangean</a> association.<a href="#cite_note-Rassios2020-8">[8]</a>

This type of rock formation and weathering process has happened in many other places locally and throughout the world, but what makes Meteora's appearance special is the uniformity of the sedimentary rock constituents deposited over millions of years leaving few signs of vertical layering, and the localised abrupt vertical weathering.

<a href="Excavations" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavations">Excavations</a> and research have discovered <a href="Petrified" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrified">petrified</a> <a href="Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">diatoms</a> in <a href="Theopetra_Cave" title="Theopetra Cave">Theopetra Cave</a>, which have contributed to understanding the Palaeo-climate and <a href="Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate changes</a>. <a href="Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> evidences human presence dating back 50,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Radiocarbon-3">[3]</a> The cave used to be open to the public, but is currently closed indefinitely, for safety inspections.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

Vegetation grows thickly out of the vertical rock walls, mainly due to the water that one is able to find in the cracks and crevices that scale the cliff.<a href="#cite_note-Rassios2020-8">[8]</a>: 11 Over the past several hundred years, the reports that the Meteora was easily accessible by foot have changed because now one must pass through an impenetrable jungle.<a href="#cite_note-Rassios2020-8">[8]</a>: 13

Being such massive unpredictable rock pillars, rock falls pose a constant threat to <a href="Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> and tourists of Meteora. An earthquake of magnitude 7 on the <a href="Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter Scale</a> shook the rocks in 1954 but the thin pillars still stand today. In 2005, a massive rock fell, closing the access road leading up to Meteora for days.<a href="#cite_note-Rassios2020-8">[8]</a>: 14

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Theopetra_Cave" title="Theopetra Cave">Theopetra Cave</a></div>

<a href="Theopetra_Cave" title="Theopetra Cave">Theopetra Cave</a> is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from <a href="Kalambaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalambaka">Kalambaka</a>. Its uniqueness from an archeological perspective is that a single site contains records of two greatly significant cultural transitions: the replacement of <a href="Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> by modern humans and later, the transition from hunting-gathering to farming after the end of the last <a href="Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Ice Age</a>. The cave consists of an immense 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) rectangular chamber at the foot of a limestone hill, which rises to the northeast above the village of Theopetra, with an entrance 17 metres (56 ft) wide by 3 metres (9.8 ft) high. It lies at the foot of the Chasia mountain range, which forms the natural boundary between Thessaly and <a href="Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> regions, while the Lithaios River, a tributary of the <a href="Pineios_River_(Thessaly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineios River (Thessaly)">Pineios River</a>, flows in front of the cave. The small Lithaios River flowing literally on the doorsteps of the cave meant that cave dwellers always had easy access to fresh, clean water without the need to cover daily long distances to find it.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div>

Caves in the vicinity of Meteora were inhabited continuously between 50,000 and 5,000 years ago. The oldest known example of a built structure, a stone wall that blocked two-thirds of the entrance to the <a href="Theopetra_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Theopetra cave">Theopetra cave</a>, was constructed 23,000 years ago, probably as a barrier against cold winds (Earth was experiencing an <a href="Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> at the time), and many <a href="Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> and <a href="Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> artifacts of human occupation have been found within the caves.<a href="#cite_note-Radiocarbon-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

Meteora is not mentioned in classical <a href="Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek myths</a>, nor in <a href="Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a>. The first people who were documented to inhabit Meteora after the <a href="Neolithic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Era">Neolithic Era</a> were an <a href="Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> group of <a href="Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> monks who, in the 800s CE, moved up to the ancient <a href="Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a>. They lived in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hollow" class="extiw external" title="wikt:hollow">hollows</a> and <a href="Fissures" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissures">fissures</a> in the rock towers, some of them as high as 1800 ft (550m) above the plain. This great height, combined with the sheerness of the cliff walls, kept away all but the most determined visitors. Initially, the hermits led a life of solitude, meeting only on Sundays and special days, to worship and pray in a chapel built at the foot of a rock known as <a href="Dupiani" title="Dupiani">Dupiani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meteora-2">[2]</a>

As early as the eleventh century, monks occupied the caverns of Meteora. However, monasteries were not built there until the 1300s, when the monks sought somewhere to hide in the face of an increasing number of attacks by the Turks upon <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[14]</a> At this time, access to the top was via removable ladders or hoisting ropes. Currently, getting up there is much simpler, due to steps having been carved-into the rock during the 1920s. Of the 24 monasteries, only six (four of men, two of women) are still functioning, with each housing fewer than ten individuals.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_construction_of_the_monasteries">History and construction of the monasteries</h3></div>

The exact date of the establishment of the monasteries is widely believed to be unknown. However, there are clues to when each of the monasteries was constructed. By the late eleventh century and early 1100s, a rudimentary monastic state had formed, called the <a href="Skete" title="Skete">Skete</a> of <a href="Stagoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagoi">Stagoi</a>, and it was centered around the still-standing church of <a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (Mother of God).<a href="#cite_note-meteora-2">[2]</a> By the end of the 1100s, an ascetic community had flocked to Meteora.

In 1344, <a href="Athanasius_the_Meteorite" title="Athanasius the Meteorite">Athanasios Koinovitis</a> from Mount Athos, later known as Athanasios the Meteorite, brought a group of followers to Meteora. From 1356 to 1372, he founded The <a href="Monastery_of_Great_Meteoron" title="Monastery of Great Meteoron">Monastery of Great Meteoron</a> on the Broad Rock. That location was perfect for the monks, because there, they were safe from political upheaval, and they had complete control of the entry to the monastery. The only means of reaching it was by climbing a long ladder, which was drawn-up whenever the monks thought that there was a threat to them.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond1965-16">[16]</a> The creation of the monastic community at Meteora was protected and sponsored by the local lord <a href="Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a>, based in nearby <a href="Trikala" title="Trikala">Trikala</a>, who in 1356 had proclaimed himself <a href="Emperor_of_Serbs_and_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Serbs and Greeks">Emperor of Serbs and Greeks</a> following the death of <a href="Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Savvides-4">[4]</a>: 414

Simeon Uroš was succeeded in 1370 by his son <a href="John_Uro%C5%A1" title="John Uroš">John Uroš</a>, who three years later retired as a monk to the Meteoron monastery and died there in the early 1420s. At the end of the fourteenth century, Christian rule over northern Greece was being increasingly threatened by Turkish raiders who wanted control over the fertile plain of Thessaly, which they finally secured in the second half of the 15th century. The hermit monks, seeking a retreat from the expanding <a href="Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a>, found the inaccessible rock pillars of Meteora to be an ideal refuge. More than 20 monasteries were built,<a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[14]</a> of which six remain today. In 1517, <a href="Theophanes_the_Cretan" title="Theophanes the Cretan">Theophanes</a> built the <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">monastery of Varlaam</a>, which was reputed to house the finger of <a href="John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">St. John</a> and the shoulder blade of <a href="St._Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew">St. Andrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a>

Access to the monasteries was originally (and deliberately) difficult, requiring either long ladders that were latched together, or large nets that were used to haul-up both goods and people. This required quite a leap of faith, because the ropes were replaced, so the story goes, only "when the Lord let them break".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the words of UNESCO: "The net in which intrepid pilgrims were hoisted up vertically alongside the 373 metres (1,224 ft) cliff where the Varlaam monastery dominates the valley symbolizes the fragility of a traditional way of life that is threatened with extinction."<a href="#cite_note-Janz2017-19">[19]</a>

Until the 1600s, the primary means of conveying goods and people from these high places was by means of baskets and ropes.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

Under the <a href="Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Convention of Constantinople (1881)</a>, <a href="Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> was taken-over by the <a href="Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>. In 1921, <a href="Queen_Marie_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Marie of Romania">Queen Marie of Romania</a> visited Meteora, becoming the first woman ever allowed to enter the Great Meteoron monastery.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

In the 1920s, there was an improvement in the arrangements: Steps were cut into the rock, making the complex accessible via a bridge from the nearby plateau. During <a href="Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a>, the site was bombed.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rocks">List of rocks</h2></div>

There are various rocks of Meteora that surround the village of <a href="Kastraki%2C_Trikala" title="Kastraki, Trikala">Kastraki</a> and border the north side of the main town of <a href="Kalabaka" title="Kalabaka">Kalabaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The height in metres is also given for various rocks.<a href="#cite_note-arch-26">[26]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dupiani" title="Dupiani">Dupiani</a> (Δούπιανη; 390 m (1,280 ft))<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li>

<li><a href="Agio_Pneuma_(Meteora)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agio Pneuma (Meteora)">Agio Pneuma</a> (Άγιο Πνεύμα; 600 m (2,000 ft)),<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> site of the historic Monastery of St. George of Mandila and Monks' Prison</li>

<li>Kumaries (Κουμαριές; 497 m (1,631 ft))</li>

<li>Toichos Alpha (Τοίχος Α) / Kafkasia (480 m (1,570 ft))<a href="#cite_note-arch-26">[26]</a></li>

<li>Toichos Beta (Τοίχος Β) / Sfika (528 m (1,732 ft))<a href="#cite_note-arch-26">[26]</a></li>

<li>Toichos Gamma (Τοίχος Γ) / Palaiokranies (540 m (1,770 ft))<a href="#cite_note-arch-26">[26]</a></li>

<li>Toichos Delta (Τοίχος Δ) / Lianomodia (531 m (1,742 ft))<a href="#cite_note-arch-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li>

<li>St. Eustratius (Αγίου Ευστρατίου)</li>

<li>Archangel (Ταξιαρχών)</li>

<li>Chalasma (Χάλασμα)</li>

<li>Marmaro (Μάρμαρο; "marble"),<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> traversed by a paved road that connects Kastraki with Kalabaka</li>

<li><a href="Surloti" title="Surloti">Surloti</a> (Σουρλωτή; 600 m (2,000 ft))<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li>

<li><a href="Modi_(Meteora)" title="Modi (Meteora)">Modi</a> (Μόδι; 584.5 m (1,918 ft)), site of the historic <a href="Monastery_of_St._Modestus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of St. Modestus">Monastery of St. Modestus</a></li>

<li><a href="Alysos" title="Alysos">Alysos</a> (Άλυσος) / Altsos (Άλτσος) / Alsos (Άλσος) (587.8 m (1,928 ft)),<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> site of the historic <a href="Monastery_of_the_Apostle_Peter's_Chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Apostle Peter's Chains">Monastery of the Apostle Peter's Chains</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyxari" title="Pyxari">Pyxari</a> (Πυξάρι; 523.9 m (1,719 ft)),<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> site of the historic Hermitage of Saint Gregory the Theologian (Ασκηταριά Αγίου Γρηγορίου του Θεολόγου), <a href="Monastery_of_St._Anthony_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of St. Anthony (Meteora)">Monastery of St. Anthony</a>, and Monastery of Chrysostomos<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li>

<li><a href="Badovas" title="Badovas">Badovas</a> (Μπάντοβας; 447.3 m (1,468 ft)), site of the historic Monastery of St. Nicholas of Badovas<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambaria" title="Ambaria">Ambaria</a> (Αμπάρια; 400 m (1,300 ft))<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li>

<li><a href="Agia_(Meteora)" title="Agia (Meteora)">Agia</a> (Αγιά; 630 m (2,070 ft)), also known as Megali Agia, or "Large Aya". Site of the historic Monastery of St. Apostoles (Μονή Αγίων Αποστόλων).</li>

<li>Mikri Agia (Μικρή Αγιά), or "Small Aya"</li>

<li><a href="Adrachti" title="Adrachti">Adrachti</a> (Αδράχτι; 474 m (1,555 ft))</li>

<li>Ftelias (Φτελιάς)</li>

<li>St. Dimitrios (Αγίου Δημητρίου), where the <a href="Monastery_of_St._Dimitrios" title="Monastery of St. Dimitrios">Monastery of St. Dimitrios</a> and <a href="Ypapantis_Monastery" title="Ypapantis Monastery">Ypapantis Monastery</a> can be found</li>

<li>Kelarakia (Κελαράκια)</li>

<li>Psaropetra ("Fish Rock"), now a viewpoint on the main road that is popular with tourists</li></ul>

The greater Meteora rock formation also extends northwest into the <a href="Gavros%2C_Trikala" title="Gavros, Trikala">Gavros</a> and <a href="Agios_Dimitrios%2C_Trikala" title="Agios Dimitrios, Trikala">Agios Dimitrios</a> areas, although the term Meteora is commonly used to refer to only the rocks around <a href="Kalabaka" title="Kalabaka">Kalabaka</a> and <a href="Kastraki%2C_Trikala" title="Kastraki, Trikala">Kastraki</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_monasteries_of_Meteora">The monasteries of Meteora</h2></div>

At their peak in the 16th century, there were 24 monasteries at Meteora in Greece. They were created to serve monks and nuns following the teachings of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Much of the architecture of these buildings is Athonite in origin. Today there are six still functioning, while the remainder are largely in ruin. Perched onto high cliffs, they are now accessible by staircases and pathways cut into the rock formations.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond1965-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_monasteries">List of monasteries</h3></div>

Traditionally, the 24 historic monasteries of Meteora are listed as follows.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Provatakis-40">[40]</a> Coordinates are also given for some sites.<a href="#cite_note-vlioras-41">[41]</a> The list is primarily sourced from Vlioras (2017),<a href="#cite_note-vlioras-41">[41]</a> with some additional notes from Provatakis (2006).<a href="#cite_note-Provatakis-40">[40]</a>

<th>English</th>

<th>Greek transliteration</th>

<th>Greek script</th>

<th>Notes</th>

<th>Image

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of the Holy Archangels</td>

<td>Agion Taxiarchon</td>

<td>Αγίων Ταξιαρχών</td>

<td>Monastery ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.717067,21.635697">39°43′01″N 21°38′09″E / 39.717067°N 21.635697°E / 39.717067; 21.635697 (Monastery of the Holy Archangels)</a>) on Archangel (Taxiarchon) Rock (Βράχος Ταξιαρχών).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_the_Apostle_Peter's_Chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Apostle Peter's Chains">Monastery of the Apostle Peter's Chains</a></td>

<td>Alyseos Apostolou Petrou</td>

<td>Αλύσεως Αποστόλου Πέτρου</td>

<td>Probably built around 1400. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.712752,21.629524">39°42′46″N 21°37′46″E / 39.712752°N 21.629524°E / 39.712752; 21.629524 (Monastery of the Apostle Peter's Chains)</a>) on <a href="Alysos" title="Alysos">Alysos</a> (Άλσος) Rock.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_the_Pantocrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Pantocrator">Monastery of the Pantocrator</a></td>

<td>Pantokratora</td>

<td>Παντοκράτορα</td>

<td>Mentioned in documents from 1650. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.722293,21.621406">39°43′20″N 21°37′17″E / 39.722293°N 21.621406°E / 39.722293; 21.621406 (Monastery of the Pantocrator)</a>) at the <a href="Dupiani" title="Dupiani">Dupiani</a> area. It is located about 30 metres above the ground.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of St. John of Bunilas</td>

<td>Ioannou tou Bounela</td>

<td>Ιωάννου του Μπουνήλα</td>

<td>Ruins of monastery walls in an area called Bunila, known as Palaiomonastiro (Παλαιομονάστηρο).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of St. John the Baptist (Meteora)">Monastery of St. John the Baptist</a></td>

<td>Agiou Ioanne Prodromou</td>

<td>Αγίου Ιωάννη Προδρόμου</td>

<td>Founded in the mid-17th century. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.723732,21.624006">39°43′25″N 21°37′26″E / 39.723732°N 21.624006°E / 39.723732; 21.624006 (Monastery of St. John the Baptist)</a>) located on a rock directly adjacent to the <a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas</a>. The rock on which the monastery was built was the residence of <a href="Athanasius_the_Meteorite" title="Athanasius the Meteorite">Athanasius the Meteorite</a>. Theophanes and Nektarios Apsarades, the founders of the <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</a>, also lived on the rock for seven years before they built Varlaam.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ypsilotera_Monastery" title="Ypsilotera Monastery">Ypsilotera Monastery</a> / Kalligrafon</td>

<td>Mones Ypseloteras / Kalligrafon</td>

<td>Μονής Υψηλωτέρας / Καλλιγράφων</td>

<td>The monastery was famous for its manuscripts and calligraphers. Founded in 1347 by Paschalis of Kalambaka. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.72509,21.627798">39°43′30″N 21°37′40″E / 39.725090°N 21.627798°E / 39.725090; 21.627798 (Ypsilotera Monastery)</a>) located on Ypsilotera Rock (585.7 m<a href="#cite_note-arch-26">[26]</a>) next to the "Devil's Tower", a geological rock formation that is between the <a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas</a> and <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</a>. In the photo to the right, Ypsilotera is the free-standing dome-shaped rock on the left, covered with vegetation on top.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kallistratou Monastery</td>

<td>Kallistratou</td>

<td>Καλλιστράτου</td>

<td>Exact location uncertain. In the general area of the <a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas</a> and <a href="Monastery_of_Rousanou" title="Monastery of Rousanou">Monastery of Rousanou</a>. Also known as the Monastery of Christ the Savior (Μονὴ Σωτῆρος Χριστοῦ, Moni Sotiros Christou).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Panagia of Mikani Monastery (Paleopanagia)</td>

<td>Panagias tes Mekanes / Palaiopanagia</td>

<td>Παναγίας της Μήκανης / Παλαιοπαναγιά</td>

<td>Founded in 1358 in a rock cave (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.80222222222222,21.678333333333335">39°48′8″N 21°40′42″E / 39.80222°N 21.67833°E / 39.80222; 21.67833 (Palaiopanagia Monastery)</a>). 7 km north of <a href="Vlachava" title="Vlachava">Vlachava</a> village, near the Ion (or Mikani) River, a tributary of the <a href="Pineios_(Thessaly)" title="Pineios (Thessaly)">Pineios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It can be reached via a dirt road that goes out to the northeast from the village center of Vlachava. A carved staircase leads up to the rock cave. Elevation: about 600 m. Also, directly behind it lies Kallistra Rock (βράχος Καλλίστρα), the site of the ruins of the Monastery of St. Kallistos (Μονή Αγίων Αποστόλων Καλλίστου), which is also called the Monastery of the Holy Apostles (Μονή των Αγίων Αποστόλων).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_Great_Meteoron" title="Monastery of Great Meteoron">Monastery of Great Meteoron</a></td>

<td>Metamorfoses</td>

<td>της Μεταμόρφωσης</td>

<td>One of the 6 open monasteries today.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_Rousanou" title="Monastery of Rousanou">Monastery of Rousanou</a> / Arsanou</td>

<td>Rousanou / Arsanou</td>

<td>Ρουσάνου / Αρσάνου</td>

<td>One of the 6 open monasteries today.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_St._Anthony_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of St. Anthony (Meteora)">Monastery of St. Anthony</a></td>

<td>Agiou Antoniou</td>

<td>Αγίου Αντωνίου</td>

<td>Built around the 14th century, only a small church has survived from the monastery (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.712166,21.621643">39°42′44″N 21°37′18″E / 39.712166°N 21.621643°E / 39.712166; 21.621643 (Monastery of St. Anthony)</a>), on the south side of <a href="Pyxari" title="Pyxari">Pyxari</a> Rock.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</a> / All Saints</td>

<td>Varlaam / Agion Panton</td>

<td>Βαρλαάμ / Αγίων Πάντων</td>

<td>One of the 6 open monasteries today.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of St. George of Mandila</td>

<td>Agiou Georgiou tou Mandela</td>

<td>Αγίου Γεωργίου του Μανδηλά</td>

<td>Ruins at the <a href="Holy_Spirit_Rock" title="Holy Spirit Rock">Holy Spirit</a> (Agion Pnefma) Rock (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.718336,21.622516">39°43′06″N 21°37′21″E / 39.718336°N 21.622516°E / 39.718336; 21.622516 (Monastery of St. George of Mandila)</a>). Kerchiefs (mandilia) are traditionally hung at the cave entrance. The cave is 15 metres long and 4–5 metres deep at its center, and is located about 30 metres above the ground. It may have been one of the four monasteries founded around 1367 by Neilos, the <a href="Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a> of the Skete of Stagoi. The Cave of St. George of Mandila may be the same as the Cave of Archimandrite Makarios near Pigadion.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of St. Gregory</td>

<td>Agiou Gregoriou</td>

<td>Αγίου Γρηγορίου</td>

<td>Founded in the 14th century. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.712271,21.621536">39°42′44″N 21°37′18″E / 39.712271°N 21.621536°E / 39.712271; 21.621536 (Monastery of St. Gregory)</a>) on <a href="Pyxari" title="Pyxari">Pyxari</a> Rock.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_St._Dimitrios" title="Monastery of St. Dimitrios">Monastery of St. Dimitrios</a></td>

<td>Agiou Demetriou</td>

<td>Αγίου Δημητρίου</td>

<td>Destroyed by <a href="Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha Tepelena</a> in 1809 since Greek insurgents led by <a href="Thymios_Vlachavas" title="Thymios Vlachavas">Thymios Vlachavas</a> had set up their headquarters in the monastery. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.7332099,21.631014">39°44′00″N 21°37′52″E / 39.7332099°N 21.6310140°E / 39.7332099; 21.6310140 (Monastery of St. Dimitrios)</a>) on Dimitrios Rock above <a href="Ypapantis_Monastery" title="Ypapantis Monastery">Ypapantis Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_St._Modestus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of St. Modestus">Monastery of St. Modestus</a></td>

<td>Agiou Modestou</td>

<td>Αγίου Μοδέστου</td>

<td>Built around the 12th century. First mentioned in a 12th-century letter. Also mentioned in 1614. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.714796,21.629437">39°42′53″N 21°37′46″E / 39.714796°N 21.629437°E / 39.714796; 21.629437 (Monastery of St. Modestus)</a>) on Modesto (<a href="Modi_(Meteora)" title="Modi (Meteora)">Modi</a>) Rock (rock on the right in the photo).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Holy_Monastery_(Meteora)" title="Holy Monastery (Meteora)">Holy Monastery</a></td>

<td>Agias Mones</td>

<td>Αγίας Μονής</td>

<td>The monastery was mentioned in 1614, which at the time was inhabited by more than 20 monks. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.723969,21.627943">39°43′26″N 21°37′41″E / 39.723969°N 21.627943°E / 39.723969; 21.627943 (Holy Monastery)</a>) in the Sterna area near <a href="Ypsilotera_Monastery" title="Ypsilotera Monastery">Ypsilotera Monastery</a>. The monastery had also sought to gain recognition as a <a href="Stavropegion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavropegion">stavropegion</a>.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_of_Badova" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas of Badova">Monastery of St. Nicholas of Badova</a> / Nikolaus Kofina</td>

<td>Agiou Nikolaou tou Bantova / Agiou Nikolaou Kofina</td>

<td>Αγίου Νικολάου του Μπάντοβα / Αγίου Νικολάου Κοφινά</td>

<td>Founded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 in a rock cave on <a href="Badovas" title="Badovas">Badovas</a> Rock. Not preserved, since in 1943 it was bombed and destroyed by the Germans. Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.710731,21.622125">39°42′39″N 21°37′20″E / 39.710731°N 21.622125°E / 39.710731; 21.622125 (Monastery of St. Nicholas of Badova)</a>), which can be reached via a series of ladders passing through three caves, located at the southwestern edge of the Meteora rock complex.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas</a></td>

<td>Agiou Nikolaou Anapausa</td>

<td>Αγίου Νικολάου Αναπαυσά</td>

<td>One of the 6 open monasteries today.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_Saint_Stephen_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of Saint Stephen (Meteora)">Monastery of St. Stefanos</a></td>

<td>Agiou Stefanou</td>

<td>Αγίου Στεφάνου</td>

<td>One of the 6 open monasteries today.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_the_Holy_Trinity%2C_Meteora" title="Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Meteora">Monastery of the Holy Trinity</a></td>

<td>Agias Triados</td>

<td>Αγίας Τριάδος</td>

<td>One of the 6 open monasteries today.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monastery_of_the_Holy_Apostles_(Meteora)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Holy Apostles (Meteora)">Monastery of the Holy Apostles</a></td>

<td>Agion Apostolon</td>

<td>Αγίων Αποστόλων</td>

<td>Ruins have been preserved (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.711703,21.625157">39°42′42″N 21°37′31″E / 39.711703°N 21.625157°E / 39.711703; 21.625157 (Monastery of the Holy Apostles)</a>). Founded in the early 16th century (perhaps by the monk Kallistos) and documented in 1551. Only ruins, murals, carved stairs, and a cistern remain. Located on Agia Rock at the southern edge of the Meteora rock complex. Full Greek name: Ιερά Μονή Αγίων Αποστόλων (Αϊά).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of St. Theodore</td>

<td>Agion Theodoron</td>

<td>Αγίων Θεοδώρων</td>

<td>Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.663677,21.694746">39°39′49″N 21°41′41″E / 39.663677°N 21.694746°E / 39.663677; 21.694746 (Monastery of St. Theodore)</a>) located near <a href="Theopetra_Cave" title="Theopetra Cave">Theopetra Cave</a>, southeast of Kalabaka town.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ypapantis_Monastery" title="Ypapantis Monastery">Ypapantis Monastery</a></td>

<td>Ypapantes</td>

<td>Υπαπαντής</td>

<td>Founded in 1367 by the Prior/Abbot of the Skete of Dupiani. In 1765, it was restored by Athanasios Vlachavas, a local leader. Today, Ypapantis Monastery (literally "Monastery of the Purification [of the Virgin Mary]") is inactive and rarely visited, although the building (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.73347,21.630868">39°44′00″N 21°37′51″E / 39.733470°N 21.630868°E / 39.733470; 21.630868 (Ypapantis Monastery)</a>) has been restored.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The interior of the building is usually closed to visitors. Accessible by footpaths, one of which passes by Ftelias (Φτελιάς) Rock.</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Other sites (<a href="Skete" title="Skete">sketes</a>, <a href="Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitages</a>, rocks, etc.) include:

<th>Notes</th>

<th>Image

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Dupiani" title="Dupiani">Dupiani</a> (Δούπιανη)</td>

<td>Rock with the first monastery (or Skete of the Holy Virgin of Dupiani), also known as the Panagia Parthénos Kyriákou Monastery (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.721072,21.619516">39°43′16″N 21°37′10″E / 39.721072°N 21.619516°E / 39.721072; 21.619516 (Panagia Parthenos Kyriakou)</a>), founded in Meteora, and also the name of the rock on which it is built. The original monastery itself has not survived. The early 13th-century chapel built on this site is still in use and maintained. Renovations took place in 1867 and 1974. Located on the north side of <a href="Kastraki%2C_Trikala" title="Kastraki, Trikala">Kastraki</a> village. The Monastery of St. Dimitrios of Dupiani (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.722322,21.621405">39°43′20″N 21°37′17″E / 39.722322°N 21.621405°E / 39.722322; 21.621405 (Monastery of St. Dimitrios of Dupiani)</a>) at Dupiani is not to be confused with the Monastery of St. Dimitrios adjacent to <a href="Ypapantis_Monastery" title="Ypapantis Monastery">Ypapantis Monastery</a>.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Agiou Pneuma ("Holy Spirit"; <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Αγίου Πνεύματος, <a href="Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Agiou Pneumatos)</td>

<td>Rock monastery with ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.718285,21.62501">39°43′06″N 21°37′30″E / 39.718285°N 21.625010°E / 39.718285; 21.625010 (Agiou Pneuma)</a>) connected by a narrow rock-carved path. Preserved <a href="Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>, <a href="Monastic_cell" title="Monastic cell">monastic cells</a>, two cisterns, and a rock-carved altar and shrine.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monks' Prison (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Filaka%C3%A9_Monak%C3%B3n" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Filakaé Monakón">Filakaé Monakón</a>)</td>

<td>The Monks' Prison (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.720162,21.627118">39°43′13″N 21°37′38″E / 39.720162°N 21.627118°E / 39.720162; 21.627118 (Monks Prison)</a>) is perched on a rock cliff on the <a href="Agion_Pneuma_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Agion Pneuma Rock">Agion Pneuma Rock</a>. It may be the same as the Cave of Neophytos, the founder of the St. Dimitrios and Pantokrator monasteries on <a href="Dupiani" title="Dupiani">Dupiani</a> Rock. Also known as Oglas (Ογλάς) or the Nuns' Prison (Φυλακές των Καλογέρων, Fylakes ton Kalogeron).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hermitage of St. Athanasius of Meteora (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Άγιος Αθανάσιος)</td>

<td>Ruins of a hermitage on the <a href="Holy_Spirit_Rock" title="Holy Spirit Rock">Holy Spirit Rock</a> said to be inhabited by St. <a href="Athanasios_the_Meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasios the Meteorite">Athanasios the Meteorite</a> (Ἀθανάσιος ὁ Μετεωρίτης) (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.717172,21.622431">39°43′02″N 21°37′21″E / 39.717172°N 21.622431°E / 39.717172; 21.622431 (Hermitage of St. Athanasius of Meteora)</a>). The Cave of St. Athanasius of Meteora (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.724027,21.627965">39°43′26″N 21°37′41″E / 39.724027°N 21.627965°E / 39.724027; 21.627965 (Cave of St. Athanasius of Meteora)</a>) is next to the Holy Monastery.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pyxari" title="Pyxari">Pyxari</a> (Πυξάρι)</td>

<td>Rock with cave hermitages perched on cliffs, formerly inhabited by ascetics. Located at the southwestern edge of the Meteora rock complex.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ambaria" title="Ambaria">Ambaria</a> (Αμπάρια)</td>

<td>Rock with cave hermitages perched on cliffs, formerly inhabited by ascetics. Located at the southwestern edge of the Meteora rock complex.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of St. Eustratius (Moni Agios Efstratios, Μονή Αγίου Ευστρατίου)</td>

<td>Little-known monastery on <a href="Surloti" title="Surloti">Surloti</a> Rock (βράχου Σουρλωτή).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Staircase of St. Eustratius</td>

<td>The Staircase of St. Eustratius (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.717349,21.634427">39°43′02″N 21°38′04″E / 39.717349°N 21.634427°E / 39.717349; 21.634427 (Staircase of St. Eustratius)</a>) is located on the eastern side of St. Eustratios Rock. There are a few different stairways carved into the rock.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of Theostiriktos (Μονή Θεοστηρίκτου)</td>

<td>Location uncertain. In the general area of Stylos Stagios (βράχου Στύλος Σταγών) / <a href="Agion_Pneuma_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Agion Pneuma Rock">Agion Pneuma Rock</a>.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cell of Constantius (Κελί του Κωνστάντιου)</td>

<td>Northeast of <a href="Pyxari" title="Pyxari">Pyxari</a> Rock in a forested valley (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.7142225,21.6249977">39°42′51″N 21°37′30″E / 39.7142225°N 21.6249977°E / 39.7142225; 21.6249977 (Cell of Constantius)</a>).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Also called the Panagia Hermitage (Ασκητήριο της Παναγίας), Panagia Chapel (Ναός της Παναγίας), or Trani Church (Τρανή Εκκλησιά).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of St. Nicholas of Petra (Μονή Αγίου Νικολάου της Πέτρας)</td>

<td>Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.710824,21.621164">39°42′39″N 21°37′16″E / 39.710824°N 21.621164°E / 39.710824; 21.621164 (Monastery of St. Nicholas of Petra)</a>) on <a href="Badovas" title="Badovas">Badovas</a> / Bantova Rock, just to the west of the monastery of St. Nicholas of Badova. Also known as the Monastery of St. Nicholas of Skala (Αγίου Νικολάου της Σκάλας).</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kelarakia (Κελαράκια)</td>

<td>Ruins (<a class="external text" href="geo:39.72514,21.63241">39°43′31″N 21°37′57″E / 39.72514°N 21.63241°E / 39.72514; 21.63241 (Kelarakia)</a>) on a rock directly to the east of the <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</a>. The Cell of St. Paul the Apostle (Κελί του Αγίου Αποστόλου Παύλου) can probably be identified with Kelarakia. The Plakes (Πλάκες) area, a valley with various rocks, is located just south of Kelarakia.</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Monastery of the Three Hierarchs (Μονή των Τριών Ιεραρχών)</td>

<td>Somewhere to the east of <a href="Kastraki%2C_Trikala" title="Kastraki, Trikala">Kastraki</a>. Exact location unknown.</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Meteoron">The Great Meteoron</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Monastery_of_Great_Meteoron" title="Monastery of Great Meteoron">Monastery of Great Meteoron</a></div>

The Holy <a href="Monastery_of_Great_Meteoron" title="Monastery of Great Meteoron">Monastery of Great Meteoron</a> is the oldest and largest of the monasteries of Meteora. The monastery is believed to have been built just before the mid 14th century by a monk from Mount Athos named Saint <a href="Athanasios_the_Meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasios the Meteorite">Athanasios the Meteorite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He began the build with a church in dedication to the <a href="Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mother of God</a>, the <a href="Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>. He later added small cells so that <a href="Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> could concentrate and live atop the rock formations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a> The monastery's second name is, The Holy Monastery of the <a href="Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a>, which got its name from the second church St. Meteorites built. The successor of Saint Athanasios was Saint Joasaph, who continued to build more cells, a hospital, and renovated the churches atop the rocks. The Monastery thrived in the 16th century when it received many imperial and royal donations.<a href="#cite_note-:12-50">[50]</a> At the time it had over three hundred monks living and worshipping within its cells. It is still a living monastery as there were three monks in residence as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a>

Being the largest among all the monasteries allows it to have a particular layout filled with many buildings. The <a href="Katholikon" title="Katholikon">katholikon</a> is dedicated to the <a href="Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a> and was the first church of the monastery. The hermitage of the first founder of the monastery is a small building carved in rock. The kitchen or what is commonly referred to as the <a href="Hestia" title="Hestia">hestia</a> is a dome-shaped building near the <a href="Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a>. There is also a hospital, with its famous roof of the ground floor made of brick and supported on four columns. The three old churches or chapels include: The Chapel of Saint John the Baptist which lies next to the katholikon sanctuary, The Saints Constantine and <a href="Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> Chapel which is an aisle-less church with large <a href="Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a>, and finally the chapel of Virgin Mary situated in the cave.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastery_of_Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</a></div>

The <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</a> is the second largest monastery of Meteora. The name Varlaam comes from a monk named Varlaam who scaled the rocks in 1350 and began construction on the <a href="Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>. Varlaam built three churches by hoisting materials up the face of the cliffs. After Varlaam's death, the monastery was abandoned for two hundred years until two monk brothers, Theophanes and Nektarios Apsarades, came to the rock in the 16th century and began to rebuild the churches in October 1517.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The two brothers from <a href="Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a> spent twenty-two years hoisting materials to the top of the rock formation, however, the building only is reported to have taken around twenty days.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Monks have been present since the 16th century, however, there has been a constant decline in their presence since the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-:12-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Today the monastery is accessed through a series of ladders that scale the north side of the rock. The museum is open to travelers and contains a wide array of relics and ecclesiastical treasures. As of 2015 there are seven monks remaining in Varlaam.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastery_of_Rousanou">Monastery of Rousanou</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Monastery_of_Rousanou" title="Monastery of Rousanou">Monastery of Rousanou</a></div>

The <a href="Monastery_of_Rousanou" title="Monastery of Rousanou">Monastery of Rousanou</a> is believed to have been constructed, like many of the other monasteries, in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The cathedral is believed to have been built in the 16th century and later decorated in 1540. The name Rousanou is believed to come from the first group of monks who settled on the rock from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The monastery sits on the elevation 484 meters. Lying in the middle of the site, visitors can see the other monasteries, as well as the ruins of the Monastery of St. John the Baptist and the Pantokrator.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas">Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas</a></div>

The <a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas</a> is located atop a small narrow rock. It is approximately eighty meters high and the first which the pilgrims encounter on their way to the holy Meteora. The Monastery was founded in the late 14th century and today is surrounded by the deserted and ruined monasteries of St. John Prodromos, the <a href="Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Pantocrator</a>, and the chapel of Panagia Doupiani.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The monastery served as a resting place for pilgrims and quickly got its name of Anapausas (modern pronunciation anapafseos), 'resting'.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[14]</a> Being on such a narrow surface, the floors are connected through an interior staircase. St. Nicholas is honored on the second floor where the <a href="Katholikon" title="Katholikon">katholikon</a> is located. On the third floor, there is the <a href="Altar" title="Altar">Holy Table</a> and the walls are decorated by 14th-century frescoes. The monastery has been restored in the 16th century and again in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastery_of_the_Holy_Trinity">Monastery of the Holy Trinity</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Monastery_of_the_Holy_Trinity%2C_Meteora" title="Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Meteora">Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Meteora</a></div>

The <a href="Monastery_of_the_Holy_Trinity%2C_Meteora" title="Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Meteora">Monastery of the Holy Trinity</a> is believed to have been built in the 14th and 15th century. Even prior to this, ancient Greeks established hermitages at the base of the rock cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In the 14th century, <a href="John_Uro%C5%A1" title="John Uroš">John Uroš</a> moved to the Meteora and endowed and built monasteries on top of the rock cliffs. He offered the sanctuaries as a safe haven during times of political upheaval.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> The monk Dometius was said to be the founder of the monastery, arriving at the site of Holy Trinity in 1438. The actual monastery is believed to have been built between 1475 and 1476.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Some do say that the exact construction date of the monastery like many of the other monasteries is unknown. By the end of the 16th century this was one of the last six monasteries still atop the Meteora.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond1965-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastery_of_St._Stephen">Monastery of St. Stephen</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Monastery_of_Saint_Stephen_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of Saint Stephen (Meteora)">Monastery of Saint Stephen (Meteora)</a></div>

The <a href="Monastery_of_Saint_Stephen_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of Saint Stephen (Meteora)">Monastery of St. Stephen</a> is located on a plateau-like structure. The original monastery was believed to have been built in the 14th century, however, a new <a href="Katholikon" title="Katholikon">katholikon</a> was built in 1798 making it the newest of all the meteorite structures.<a href="#cite_note-:6-61">[61]</a> The monastery is made up of many buildings including new katholikon, the "<a href="Hestia" title="Hestia">hestia</a>" (kitchen), an old refectory that has since become a museum, and an assortment of rooms with different purposes.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> These include workrooms for paintings, embroidery, incense-making, and needlework. The church's interior was decorated with <a href="Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> on the inside for a short period after 1545. However, during the <a href="World_war" title="World war">World wars</a>, the <a href="Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> were bombed heavily and ransacked in the belief that the monks were holding refugees.<a href="#cite_note-:6-61">[61]</a> As of 2015, the Monastery of St. Stephen is home to 28 nuns after its conversion to a nunnery in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-:6-61">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Meteora in the early morning hours</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="Monastery_of_Rousanou" title="Monastery of Rousanou">Rousanou</a>, the <a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">Nikolaos</a> and the <a href="Grand_Metereon" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Metereon">Grand Metereon</a> monasteries</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="Monastery_of_Rousanou" title="Monastery of Rousanou">Monastery of Rousanou</a> (in order from background to foreground). The <a href="Holy_Spirit_Rock" title="Holy Spirit Rock">Holy Spirit Rock</a> is on the left side, while <a href="Dupiani" title="Dupiani">Dupiani</a> Rock can be seen in the center, at the middle of the valley.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Panorama of the Meteora valley</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view at Meteora valley</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view at the <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view at the <a href="Monastery_of_Roussanou" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Roussanou">Monastery of Roussanou</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view at monasteries of <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Varlaam</a> and <a href="Grand_Meteoron" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Meteoron">Grand Meteoron</a>. From left to right: Kelarakia, <a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Varlaam Monastery</a>, <a href="Holy_Monastery_(Meteora)" title="Holy Monastery (Meteora)">Holy Monastery</a>, <a href="Ypsilotera_Monastery" title="Ypsilotera Monastery">Ypsilotera</a>, Devil's Tower, and <a href="Grand_Meteoron" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Meteoron">Grand Meteoron</a>.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2></div>

Meteora is popular with hikers, trail runners, mountain bikers, and rock climbers from around the world, particularly during the summer. The Meteora MTB Race, also known as the Vasilis Efstathiou (Βασίλης Ευσταθίου) MTB Race, is held annually at Meteora.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<ul><li>The monastery of Holy Trinity was a filming location for the 1981 <a href="James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> movie <a href="For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)" title="For Your Eyes Only (film)">For Your Eyes Only</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_Movie_DataBase-64">[64]</a></li>

<li>The 1957 film <a href="Boy_on_a_Dolphin" title="Boy on a Dolphin">Boy on a Dolphin</a> is partly shot in Meteora.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="Clifton_Webb" title="Clifton Webb">Clifton Webb</a>'s character visits Meteora, and goes up to the Holy Trinity monastery to do some library research.</li>

<li>Scenes in <a href="Tintin_and_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Tintin and the Golden Fleece">Tintin and the Golden Fleece</a> were also shot at the Meteora monasteries.</li>

<li>Michina, the main setting of the movie <a href="Pok%C3%A9mon%3A_Arceus_and_the_Jewel_of_Life" title="Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life">Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life</a>, is based on Meteora.</li>

<li>Meteora is the main location in the fiction book <a href="The_Spook's_Sacrifice" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spook's Sacrifice">The Spook's Sacrifice</a>, by English author <a href="Joseph_Delaney" title="Joseph Delaney">Joseph Delaney</a>.</li>

<li>One of the surviving characters in <a href="Max_Brooks" title="Max Brooks">Max Brooks</a>'s zombie apocalypse novel <a href="World_War_Z" title="World War Z">World War Z</a> finds refuge and peace of mind in the monasteries during and after the zombie war.</li>

<li>The 2012 film <a href="Meteora_(film)" title="Meteora (film)">Meteora</a>, directed by <a href="Spiros_Stathoulopoulos" title="Spiros Stathoulopoulos">Spiros Stathoulopoulos</a>, is set in the monasteries and scenery of Meteora.</li>

<li>The primary location and name of Volume 3 in the comic book series Le Décalogue by French author <a href="Frank_Giroud" title="Frank Giroud">Frank Giroud</a> is based on Meteora.</li>

<li>The <a href="Call_of_Duty%3A_Modern_Warfare_3" title="Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3">Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3</a> <a href="Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">DLC</a> Map "Sanctuary" is set in the monasteries of the Meteora.</li>

<li>The <a href="Meteora_(album)" title="Meteora (album)">2003 album</a> by <a href="Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a> takes its name from the site.</li>

<li>The monasteries were a filming location for the 1976 action movie <a href="Sky_Riders" title="Sky Riders">Sky Riders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> starring <a href="Susannah_York" title="Susannah York">Susannah York</a>, <a href="James_Coburn" title="James Coburn">James Coburn</a> and <a href="Robert_Culp" title="Robert Culp">Robert Culp</a>.</li>

<li>In <a href="The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a> episode "Travels with Father", Indiana and his father visit Meteora.</li>

<li>Meteora served as an inspiration for the Eyrie in the <a href="Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a> television series.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li>

<li>The design of the Elysium realm in The Fate of Atlantis downloadable chapter of <a href="Assassin's_Creed_Odyssey" title="Assassin's Creed Odyssey">Assassin's Creed Odyssey</a> was inspired by the geology of Meteora.</li>

<li>Meteora was the location of the first challenge in the eighth season of the Belgian reality show <a href="De_Mol_(TV_series)" title="De Mol (TV series)">De Mol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li>

<li>A professional wrestling move innovated by <a href="Cima_(wrestler)" title="Cima (wrestler)">CIMA</a> was named after the Meteora, as that was where he had proposed to his wife.</li>

<li>The external design of the level "St. Francis' Folly" in the 1996 game <a href="Tomb_Raider_(1996_video_game)" title="Tomb Raider (1996 video game)">Tomb Raider</a> and its 2007 <a href="Tomb_Raider%3A_Anniversary" title="Tomb Raider: Anniversary">remake</a> was inspired by the lofty monasteries of Meteora.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Sofianos Z. Dimitrios, The Hosios Athanasios the Meteorite: Life, sequence, synaxaria. Prolegomena, translation of the Life, critical edition of texts, ed. of I.M.M. Meteoros (Metamorphosis), Meteora 1990, no. 21. // Βέης Νικόλαος, «Συμβολή εις την ιστορία των μονών των Μετεώρων», Βυζαντίς 1, 1909, σελ. 236, 274–276.

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<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/4382301210">"Node: ‪Κελί του Κωνστάντιου‬ (4382301210)"</a>. OpenStreetMap. 26 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. Meteora : The Rock Monasteries of Thessaly by Donald M Nicol. Chapman and Hall, 1963. EBSCOhost, search-ebscohost-com.holycross.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat06787a&AN=chc.b1193287&site=eds-live&scope=site. p. 3

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<li id="cite_note-:0-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitmeteora.travel/meteora-tourist-info/">"Meteora Tourist Information"</a>. Visit Meteora. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> "Look inside Meteora, a Remote Complex of Monasteries Built Thousands of Feet above the Ground in Greece." The Business Insider (Blogs on Demand), June 2020. EBSCOhost, search-ebscohost-com.holycross.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.655327382&site=eds-live&scope=site.

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<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. Meteora : The Rock Monasteries of Thessaly by Donald M Nicol. Chapman and Hall, 1963. EBSCOhost, search-ebscohost-com.holycross.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat06787a&AN=chc.b1193287&site=eds-live&scope=site. p. 78

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<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. Meteora : The Rock Monasteries of Thessaly by Donald M Nicol. Chapman and Hall, 1963. EBSCOhost, search-ebscohost-com.holycross.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat06787a&AN=chc.b1193287&site=eds-live&scope=site. pg. 135–137

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<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. Meteora : The Rock Monasteries of Thessaly by Donald M Nicol. Chapman and Hall, 1963. EBSCOhost, search-ebscohost-com.holycross.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat06787a&AN=chc.b1193287&site=eds-live&scope=site. pg. 144

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<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. Meteora : The Rock Monasteries of Thessaly by Donald M Nicol. Chapman and Hall, 1963. EBSCOhost, search-ebscohost-com.holycross.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat06787a&AN=chc.b1193287&site=eds-live&scope=site. pg 147

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<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kalampaka.com/en/meteora-monasteries/monastery-of-rousanou/">Holy Monastery of Rousanou</a>." Kalampaka.com, 10 July 2016.

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<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> "Holy Monastery of Holy Trinity." Kalampaka.com, 10 July 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.kalampaka.com/en/meteora-monasteries/monastery-of-holy-trinity/">https://www.kalampaka.com/en/meteora-monasteries/monastery-of-holy-trinity/</a> .

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<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Conder, Josiah (1830). Turkey. J. Duncan. p. 348.

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<li id="cite_note-:6-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-2">c</a> "Holy Monastery of Saint Stephen." Kalampaka.com, 10 July 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.kalampaka.com/en/meteora-monasteries/monastery-of-saint-stephen/">https://www.kalampaka.com/en/meteora-monasteries/monastery-of-saint-stephen/</a> .

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<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. Meteora : The Rock Monasteries of Thessaly by Donald M Nicol. Chapman and Hall, 1963. EBSCOhost, search-ebscohost-com.holycross.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat06787a&AN=chc.b1193287&site=eds-live&scope=site. p. 164-166

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<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyclinghellas.gr/el/agones/18-meteora-mtb-race">"Meteora MTB Race – Βασίλης Ευσταθίου"</a>. cyclinghellas.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHodgson2010" class="citation web cs1">Hodgson, Mark (17 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blackholereviews.blogspot.com/2010/12/sky-riders-1976-best-of-hang-gliding.html">"BLACK HOLE REVIEWS: SKY RIDERS (1976) – best ever hang gliding action movie..."</a> blackholereviews.blogspot.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDebi2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Debi, Eline (8 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flair.be/nl/chillax/series-films/de-mol-griekenland-aflevering-1/">"'De Mol': een advocaat zonder geweten en een (verdacht) blinde mol in aflevering 1"</a> ['De Mol': a lawyer without conscience and a (suspected) blind mole in episode 1]. Flair (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Fotis, Kotopoulis (1973). Meteora (- Kastraki – Aiginion). Athens: Difros. // Κοτοπούλης Φώτης, Μετέωρα (- Καστράκι – Αιγίνιον), εκδ. Δίφρος, Athens 1973.</li>

<li>Ioannis, Papasotiriou (1934). Meteora, Trikala: Panourgia. // Παπασωτηρίου Ιωάννης, Τα Μετέωρα, εκδ. Πανουργιά, Τρίκαλα 1934.</li>

<li>Ioannis, Papasotiriou, The Meteora, ed. Panourgia, Trikala 1934. // Παπασωτηρίου Ιωάννης, Τα Μετέωρα, εκδ. Πανουργιά, Τρίκαλα 1934.</li>

<li>Nikolaos, Vais, "Contribution to the history of the monasteries of Meteora", Byzantius 1, 1909, p. 236, 274–276. // Βέης Νικόλαος, «Συμβολή εις την ιστορία των μονών των Μετεώρων», Βυζαντίς 1, 1909, σελ. 236, 274–276.</li>

<li>Nikolaos, Vais, "Serbian and Byzantine letters of Meteora", Byzantius 2 (1910/11) pp. 89–96. // Βέης Νικόλαος, «Σερβικά και Βυζαντιακά γράμματα Μετεώρου», Βυζαντίς, 2 (1910/11) σελ. 89–96 & Σπανός Βασίλειος, Ιστορία-Προσωπογραφία της Β.Δ. Θεσσαλίας το β' μισό του ΙΔ' αιώνα, Λάρισα 1995.</li>

<li>Reader's Digest. Strange Worlds Amazing Places (1994), 432 pp. Published: Reader's Digest Association Limited, London. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-276-42111-6</bdi>.</li>

<li>Spyridon, Vlioras (2017). Holy Meteora – The rocks that neighbour heaven, trans. Caroline Makropoulos. Athens: Militos (Μίλητος). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-960-464-925-9</bdi>.</li>

<li>Theotokni [Mitsikostas], Nun (2010). The stone forest of Meteora, vol. 1, Meteora: Holy Ascetic. // Θεοτέκνη [Μητσικώστα] μοναχή. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1/SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=17990289X">Το Πέτρινο Δάσος των Μετεώρων, τ. αʼ: Ιερά ασκητήρια</a>. Άγια Μετέωρα: Ιερό Κοινόβιο Αγίου Στεφάνου. 2010. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-960-86366-5-1</bdi>.</li>

<li>Vasilios, Spanos History-Prosopography of NW Thessaly in the second half of the 14th century, Larissa 1995. // Σπανός Βασίλειος, Ιστορία-Προσωπογραφία της Β.Δ. Θεσσαλίας το β' μισό του ΙΔ' αιώνα, Λάρισα 1995.</li>

<li>Βλιώρας Σπυρίδων, Ἱερὰ Μονὴ Ρουσάνου – Ἅγια Μετέωρα: Οἱ οὐρανογείτονες βράχοι, εκδ. Μίλητος, Αθήνα 2017, σελ. 178, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-960-464-911-2</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Meteora#Q3125051" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Meteora">Meteora</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Meteora">"Meteora" </a>. <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XVI (9th ed.). 1883. p. 114.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://random-times.com/2018/07/07/meteora-beyond-monasteries-a-unique-place-in-central-greece">Meteora beyond monasteries: a unique place in central Greece</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tameteora.gr/%CF%84%CE%B1-%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD-%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD-the-meteora-monasteries/">The Meteora monasteries</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vimeo.com/22429882">Suspended in the air | Meteora</a> timelapse video of Meteora</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoramuseum.gr">Natural History Museum of Meteora and Mushroom Museum </a> Kalambaka</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteoratrails.com/">Meteora Trails</a> (In 2021, an effort to map the entire trail network of Meteora began, which now consists of 14 interconnected trails covering the entire area.)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="20px&#124;Orthodox_cross_Monasteries_of_Meteora112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Monasteries of </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monastery_of_Great_Meteoron" title="Monastery of Great Meteoron">Great Meteoron</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Varlaam</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_Rousanou" title="Monastery of Rousanou">Rousanou</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_Anapausas" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas">St. Nicholas Anapausas</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_the_Holy_Trinity%2C_Meteora" title="Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Meteora">Holy Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_Saint_Stephen_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of Saint Stephen (Meteora)">St. Stephen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pantokratoros_Monastery_(Meteora)" title="Pantokratoros Monastery (Meteora)">Pantocrator</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of St. John the Baptist (Meteora)">St. John the Baptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Ypsilotera_Monastery" title="Ypsilotera Monastery">Ypsilotera</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Monastery_(Meteora)" title="Holy Monastery (Meteora)">Holy Monastery</a></li>

<li>Kallistratou</li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_St._Nicholas_of_Bantova" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of St. Nicholas of Bantova">St. Nicholas of Mpantovas</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_St._Anthony_(Meteora)" title="Monastery of St. Anthony (Meteora)">St. Anthony</a></li>

<li>St. Gregory</li>

<li>St. George of Mandila</li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_St._Modestus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of St. Modestus">St. Modestus</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_the_Apostle_Peter's_Chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Apostle Peter's Chains">Chains of the Apostle Peter</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_the_Holy_Apostles_(Meteora)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Holy Apostles (Meteora)">Holy Apostles</a></li>

<li>Holy Archangels</li>

<li><a href="Ypapantis_Monastery" title="Ypapantis Monastery">Ypapantis</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_St._Dimitrios" title="Monastery of St. Dimitrios">St. Dimitrios</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dupiani" title="Dupiani">Dupiani</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_Rock" title="Holy Spirit Rock">Holy Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Surloti" title="Surloti">Surloti</a></li>

<li><a href="Alysos" title="Alysos">Alysos</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyxari" title="Pyxari">Pyxari</a></li>

<li><a href="Badovas" title="Badovas">Badovas</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambaria" title="Ambaria">Ambaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Adrachti" title="Adrachti">Adrachti</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites in Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vergina" title="Vergina">Aigai</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleochristian_and_Byzantine_monuments_of_Thessaloniki" title="Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki">Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki</a>

<ul><li><a href="Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">City Walls</a></li>

<li><a href="Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Rotunda</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos" title="Church of the Acheiropoietos">Church of the Acheiropoietos</a></li>

<li><a href="Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Church of Saint Demetrios</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Hosios_David" title="Church of Hosios David">Latomou Monastery</a></li>

<li><a href="Hagia_Sophia%2C_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Church of Hagia Sophia</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Church of Panagia Chalkeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Saint_Panteleimon_(Thessaloniki)" title="Church of Saint Panteleimon (Thessaloniki)">Church of Saint Panteleimon</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles_(Thessaloniki)" title="Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki)">Church of the Holy Apostles</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Saint_Nicholas_Orphanos" title="Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos">Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Saint_Catherine%2C_Thessaloniki" title="Church of Saint Catherine, Thessaloniki">Church of Saint Catherine</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Saviour%2C_Thessaloniki" title="Church of the Saviour, Thessaloniki">Church of the Saviour</a></li>

<li><a href="Vlatades_Monastery" title="Vlatades Monastery">Vlatades Monastery</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Prophet_Elijah_(Thessaloniki)" title="Church of Prophet Elijah (Thessaloniki)">Church of Prophet Elijah</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zagori" title="Zagori">Zagori</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Temple_of_Athena_Pronaia" title="Temple of Athena Pronaia">Temple of Athena Pronaia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tholos_of_Delphi" title="Tholos of Delphi">Tholos</a></li>

<li><a href="Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li>

<li><a href="Gymnasium_at_Delphi" title="Gymnasium at Delphi">Gymnasium</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoa_of_the_Athenians" title="Stoa of the Athenians">Stoa of the Athenians</a></li>

<li><a href="Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Corfu_(city)" title="Corfu (city)">Old Town of Corfu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a></li>

<li><a href="Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Southern_Greece" title="Southern Greece">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> and <a href="Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>

<li><a href="Tomb_of_Aegisthus" title="Tomb of Aegisthus">Tomb of Aegisthus</a></li>

<li><a href="Treasury_of_Atreus" title="Treasury of Atreus">Treasury of Atreus</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomb_of_Clytemnestra" title="Tomb of Clytemnestra">Tomb of Clytemnestra</a></li>

<li><a href="Grave_Circle_A%2C_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle A, Mycenae">Grave Circle A</a></li>

<li><a href="Grave_Circle_B%2C_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle B, Mycenae">Grave Circle B</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li>

<li><a href="Olympia%2C_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassae" title="Bassae">Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_City_of_Rhodes" title="Medieval City of Rhodes">Medieval City of Rhodes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes" title="Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes">Grand Master's Palace</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortifications_of_Rhodes" title="Fortifications of Rhodes">Fortifications</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Minoan_palaces" title="Minoan palaces">Minoan Palatial Centres</a>

<ul><li><a href="Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></li>

<li><a href="Kydonia" title="Kydonia">Kydonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Malia_(archaeological_site)" title="Malia (archaeological site)">Malia</a></li>

<li><a href="Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a></li>

<li><a href="Zakros" title="Zakros">Zakros</a></li>

<li><a href="Zominthos" title="Zominthos">Zominthos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_Saint_John_the_Theologian" title="Monastery of Saint John the Theologian">Monastery of Saint John the Theologian</a> and the <a href="Cave_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Cave of the Apocalypse">Cave of the Apocalypse</a></li>

<li><a href="Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythagoreion" title="Pythagoreion">Pythagoreion</a> and <a href="Heraion_of_Samos" title="Heraion of Samos">Heraion of Samos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Greece226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#66023C;color:gold;"><div id="Byzantine_Greece226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea Province</a></li>

<li><a href="Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Theme of the Aegean</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Theme of Hellas</a></li>

<li><a href="Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Theme of Samos</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia Province</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Theme of Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Strymon_(theme)" title="Strymon (theme)">Theme of Strymon</a></li>

<li><a href="Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">Theme of Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Peloponnese_(theme)" title="Peloponnese (theme)">Theme of the Peloponnese</a></li>

<li><a href="Cephallenia_(theme)" title="Cephallenia (theme)">Theme of Cephallenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicopolis_(theme)" title="Nicopolis (theme)">Theme of Nicopolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sclaviniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclaviniae">Sclaviniae</a>

<ul><li><a href="Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melingoi</a> and <a href="Ezeritai" title="Ezeritai">Ezeritai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tsakonia" title="Tsakonia">Tsakonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Vlachia" title="Great Vlachia">Great Vlachia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li>

<li><a href="Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li>

<li><a href="Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li>

<li><a href="Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a></li>

<li><a href="Danielis" title="Danielis">Danielis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_Melissenos" title="Nikephoros Melissenos">Nikephoros Melissenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Choniates" title="Michael Choniates">Michael Choniates</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Sgouros" title="Leo Sgouros">Leo Sgouros</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Gabalas" title="Leo Gabalas">Leo Gabalas</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael I Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Theodore Komnenos Doukas">Theodore Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Demetrios_Chomatenos" title="Demetrios Chomatenos">Demetrios Chomatenos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Apokaukos" title="John Apokaukos">John Apokaukos</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael II Komnenos Doukas">Michael II Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_I_Doukas_of_Thessaly" title="John I Doukas of Thessaly">John I Doukas of Thessaly</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas">Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Thomas I Komnenos Doukas">Thomas I Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li>

<li><a href="Demetrios_Kydones" title="Demetrios Kydones">Demetrios Kydones</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Catalan Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Orsini" title="Nicholas Orsini">Nicholas Orsini</a></li>

<li><a href="Andronikos_Asen" title="Andronikos Asen">Andronikos Asen</a></li>

<li><a href="John_II_Orsini" title="John II Orsini">John II Orsini</a></li>

<li><a href="Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Monomachos" title="Michael Monomachos">Michael Monomachos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Angelos_(sebastokrator)" title="John Angelos (sebastokrator)">John Angelos</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Gabrielopoulos" title="Stephen Gabrielopoulos">Stephen Gabrielopoulos</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_II_Orsini" title="Nikephoros II Orsini">Nikephoros II Orsini</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuel_Kantakouzenos" title="Manuel Kantakouzenos">Manuel Kantakouzenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Preljubovi%C4%87" title="Thomas Preljubović">Thomas Preljubović</a></li>

<li><a href="Esau_de'_Buondelmonti" title="Esau de' Buondelmonti">Esau de' Buondelmonti</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexios_Angelos_Philanthropenos" title="Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos">Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_II_Palaiologos" title="Theodore II Palaiologos">Theodore II Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Gemistos Plethon</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_scholars_in_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine scholars in Renaissance">Byzantine scholars in Renaissance</a></li>

<li>Historians: <a href="Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicephorus_Gregoras" title="Nicephorus Gregoras">Nicephorus Gregoras</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Scylitzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scylitzes">John Scylitzes</a></li>

<li><a href="Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius of Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Glykas" title="Michael Glykas">Michael Glykas</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a></li>

<li><a href="Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Kodinos" title="George Kodinos">George Kodinos</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Major centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></li>

<li><a href="Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li>

<li><a href="Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></li>

<li><a href="Thebes%2C_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Greek states after 1204</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Empire of Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_Thessaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Thessaly">Thessaly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;"><a href="History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_persecution_of_paganism_under_Theodosius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I">Persecution of paganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Under the Heraclian dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Thessalonica_(676%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)">Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Patras_(805_or_807)" title="Siege of Patras (805 or 807)">Siege of Patras (805 or 807)</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Muslim conquest of Crete</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">Byzantine reconquest of Crete</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine%E2%80%93Norman_wars" title="Byzantine–Norman wars">Byzantine–Norman wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sack_of_Thessalonica_(1185)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (1185)">Sack of Thessalonica (1185)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_the_Olive_Grove_of_Kountouras" title="Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras">Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Klokotnitsa" title="Battle of Klokotnitsa">Battle of Klokotnitsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pelagonia" title="Battle of Pelagonia">Battle of Pelagonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Under the Palaiologos dynasty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Reconquest of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Prinitza" title="Battle of Prinitza">Battle of Prinitza</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Makryplagi" title="Battle of Makryplagi">Battle of Makryplagi</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Neopatras" title="Battle of Neopatras">Battle of Neopatras</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pharsalus_(1277)" title="Battle of Pharsalus (1277)">Battle of Pharsalus (1277)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Demetrias" title="Battle of Demetrias">Battle of Demetrias</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328</a></li>

<li><a href="Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a> (<a href="Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Byzantine%E2%80%93Genoese_War_(1348%E2%80%931349)" title="Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)">Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)</a></li>

<li><a href="Zealots_of_Thessalonica" title="Zealots of Thessalonica">Zealots of Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine–Ottoman Wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Echinades_(1427)" title="Battle of the Echinades (1427)">Battle of the Echinades (1427)</a></li>

<li><a href="Morea_revolt_of_1453%E2%80%931454" title="Morea revolt of 1453–1454">Morea revolt of 1453–1454</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman conquest of the Morea">Ottoman conquest of the Morea</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> (<a href="Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander romance">Alexander romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracles_of_Saint_Demetrius" title="Miracles of Saint Demetrius">Miracles of Saint Demetrius</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Anthology" title="Greek Anthology">Greek Anthology</a></li>

<li><a href="Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Byzantine dress</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acrocorinth" title="Acrocorinth">Acrocorinth</a></li>

<li><a href="Angelokastro_(Corfu)" title="Angelokastro (Corfu)">Angelokastro (Corfu)</a></li>

<li>Athens

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles%2C_Athens" title="Church of the Holy Apostles, Athens">Church of the Holy Apostles</a></li>

<li><a href="Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Little Metropolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity%2C_Athens" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Athens">Soteira Lykodemou</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Castle_of_Chios" title="Castle of Chios">Castle of Chios</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Parigoritissa" title="Church of the Parigoritissa">Church of the Parigoritissa</a></li>

<li><a href="Didymoteicho_Fortress" title="Didymoteicho Fortress">Didymoteicho Fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Feraklos_Castle" title="Feraklos Castle">Feraklos Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardiki_Castle%2C_Corfu" title="Gardiki Castle, Corfu">Gardiki Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hexamilion_wall" title="Hexamilion wall">Hexamilion wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kassiopi_Castle" title="Kassiopi Castle">Kassiopi Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_Saint_John_the_Theologian" title="Monastery of Saint John the Theologian">Monastery of Saint John the Theologian</a></li>

<li><a href="Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li>

<li><a href="Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Metropolis%2C_Veria" title="Old Metropolis, Veria">Old Metropolis of Veria</a></li>

<li><a href="Panagia_Episkopi" title="Panagia Episkopi">Panagia Episkopi</a></li>

<li><a href="Panagia_Kontariotissa" title="Panagia Kontariotissa">Panagia Kontariotissa</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleochristian_and_Byzantine_monuments_of_Thessaloniki" title="Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki">Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki</a></li>

<li><a href="Panagia_Ekatontapiliani" title="Panagia Ekatontapiliani">Panagia Ekatontapiliani</a></li>

<li><a href="Patras_Castle" title="Patras Castle">Patras Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Porta_Panagia" title="Porta Panagia">Porta Panagia</a></li>

<li><a href="Saints_Theodore_Tyro_and_Theodore_Stratelates_Church%2C_Serres" title="Saints Theodore Tyro and Theodore Stratelates Church, Serres">Saints Theodoroi, Serres</a></li>

<li><a href="Trikala_Castle" title="Trikala Castle">Trikala Castle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125051#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125051#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/63148570444524310233">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxcXrvfVVqVPYqCFJkdQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4038949-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91004189">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945089g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945089g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=287980">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007289601305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/548453076">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027400735">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/4b018799-866c-4779-a7e0-b73b13026aeb">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Meteora&oldid=1300367428">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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